| Date |
Invention or discovery |
Articles on Explain that stuff |
| 4–5 billion years ago |
Sun starts to produce energy. |
Solar cells
Energy
|
| 10 million years ago. |
Humans make the first tools from stone, wood,
antlers, and bones. |
Tools and machines |
| 1–2 million years ago |
Humans discover fire. |
Biofuels
Candles
Car engines
Jet engines |
| 25,000– 50,000 BCE |
Humans first wear clothes. |
Biomimetic clothing |
| 10,000 BCE |
Earliest boats are constructed. |
Ships and boats
|
| 8000– 9000 BCE |
Beginnings of human settlements and agriculture. |
Biofuels
Water |
| 6000– 7000 BCE |
Hand-made bricks first used for construction in the Middle East. |
Bricks |
| 4000 BCE |
Iron used for the first time in decorative ornaments. |
Iron and steel |
| 3500 BCE |
Humans invent the wheel. |
Tools and machines
Wheels and axles
|
| c1700 BCE |
Semites of the Mediterranean develop the
alphabet. |
Digital pens |
| 0– 1500 BCE |
Ancient societies invent some of the first
machines for moving water and agriculture. |
Tools and machines
Water |
| 1000 BCE |
Iron Age begins: iron is widely used for making tools and weapons in many parts of the world. |
Iron and steel |
| 600 BCE |
Thales of Miletus discovers static electricity. |
Electricity
Static electricity
|
| c.150– 100 BCE |
First gear-driven, precision clockwork machine (the Antikythera mechanism) is developed. |
Clockwork |
| c.50 BCE |
Roman engineer Vitruvius perfects the modern,
vertical water wheel. |
Turbines |
| 62 CE |
Hero of Alexandria, a Greek scientist, pioneers steam power. |
Steam engines |
| 105 CE |
Ts'ai Lun makes the first paper in China. |
Paper |
| 27 BCE–395 CE |
Romans develop the first, basic concrete called
pozzolana. |
Steel and concrete |
| ~600 CE |
Windmills are invented in the Middle East. |
Wind turbines |
| 700– 900 CE |
Chinese invent gunpowder and fireworks. |
Bullets
Fireworks
|
| 1000 CE ?? |
Chinese develop eyeglasses by fixing lenses to
frames that fit onto people's faces. |
Lenses |
| 1450 |
Johannes Gutenberg pioneers the modern printing
press, using rearrangeable metal letters called movable type. |
Printing |
| 1470s |
The first parachute is sketched on paper by an unknown inventor. |
Parachutes |
| 1530s |
Gerardus Mercator helps to revolutionize navigation with better mapmaking. |
Satellite navigation |
| 1590 |
A Dutch spectacle maker named Zacharias Janssen makes the first compound microscope. |
Microscopes
Electron microscopes |
| ~1600 |
Galileo Galilei designs a basic thermometer. |
Thermometer |
| 16th century |
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke
independently develop microscopes. |
Microscopes
Electron
microscopes |
| 1600 |
William Gilbert publishes his great book De Magnete describing how Earth behaves like a giant magnet. It's the beginning of the scientific study of magnetism. |
Magnetism |
| 1609 |
Galileo Galilei builds a practical telescope and
makes new astronomical discoveries. |
Space telescopes |
| 1643 |
Galileo's pupil Evangelista Torricelli builds the first mercury barometer for measuring air pressure. |
Barometers |
| 1650s |
Christiaan Huygens develops the pendulum clock (using Galileo's
earlier discovery that a swinging pendulum can be used to keep time). |
Pendulum clocks |
| 1687 |
Isaac Newton formulates his three laws of motion. |
Motion |
| 1700s |
Bartolomeo Cristofori invents the piano. |
Pianos |
| 1701 |
English farmer Jethro Tull begins the mechanization of agriculture by inventing the horse-drawn seed drill. |
Tractors |
| 1703 |
Gottfried Leibniz pioneers the binary number
system now used in virtually all computers. |
How computers
work
History of computers |
| 1712 |
Thomas Newcomen builds the first practical (but stationary)
steam engine. |
Steam engines |
| 1700s |
Christiaan Huygens conceives the internal combustion engine, but never actually builds one. |
Car engines |
| 1737 |
William Champion develops a commercially viable process for extracting zinc on a large scale.
|
Zinc |
| 1757 |
John Campbell invents the sextant, an improved navigational device that enables sailors to measure latitude. |
Satellite navigation |
| 1730s– 1770s |
John Harrison develops reliable chronometers (seafaring clocks) that
allow sailors to measure longitude accurately for the first time. |
Quartz clocks and watches
Satellite navigation |
| 1751 |
Axel Cronstedt isolates nickel. |
Nickel |
| 1756 |
Axel Cronstedt notices steam when he boils a rock—and discovers zeolites. |
Zeolites |
| 1769 |
Wolfgang von Kempelen develops a mechanical speaking machine: the world's first speech synthesizer. |
Speech synthesizers |
| 1770s |
Abraham Darby III builds a pioneering iron bridge at a place now called Ironbridge in England. |
Bridges |
| ~1780 |
Josiah Wedgwood (or Thomas Massey) invents the pyrometer.
|
Pyrometers |
| 1783 |
French Brothers Joseph-Michel Montgolfier and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier make the first practical
hot-air balloon.
|
Hot-air balloons |
| 1800 |
Italian Alessandro Volta makes the first battery
(known as a Voltaic pile). |
Electricity
Batteries |
| 1801 |
Joseph-Marie Jacquard invents the automated
cloth-weaving loom. The punched cards it uses to store patterns help to
inspire programmable computers. |
History of computers |
| 1803 |
Henry and Sealy Fourdrinier develop the papermaking machine. |
Paper |
| 1806 |
Humphry Davy develops electrolysis into an important chemical technique and uses it to identify a number of new elements. |
Electrolyzers |
| 1807 |
Humphry Davy develops the electric arc lamp. |
Xenon lamps |
| 1814 |
George Stephenson builds the first practical
steam locomotive. |
Steam engines |
| 1816 |
Robert Stirling invents the efficient Stirling engine. |
Stirling engines |
| 1820s– 1830s |
Michael Faraday builds primitive electric generators and motors. |
Electricity generators
Electric motors
Hub motors |
| 1827 |
Joseph Niepce makes the first modern photograph. |
Photography
Digital cameras
|
| 1830s |
William Sturgeon develops the first practical
electric motor. |
Electric motors
Hub motors |
| 1830s |
Louis Daguerre invents a practical method of
taking pin-sharp photographs called Daguerreotypes. |
Digital cameras
Photography |
| 1830s |
William Henry Fox Talbot develops a way of
making and printing photographs using reverse images called negatives. |
Digital cameras
Photography |
| 1830s– 1840s |
Charles Wheatstone and William Cooke, in
England, and Samuel Morse, in the United States, develop the electric
telegraph (a forerunner of the telephone). |
Telephones |
| 1836 |
Englishman Francis Petit-Smith and Swedish-American John Ericsson independently develop propellers with blades for ships.
|
Propellers |
| 1839 |
Charles Goodyear finally perfects a durable form
of rubber (vulcanized rubber) after many years of unsuccessful
experimenting. |
Rubber |
| 1840s |
Scottish physicist James Prescott Joule outlines
the theory of the conservation of energy. |
Energy
Great physics experiments |
| 1840s |
Scotsman Alexander Bain invents a primitive fax
machine based on chemical technology. |
Fax machines |
| 1849 |
James Francis invents a water turbine now used
in many of the world's hydropower plants. |
Turbines
Water |
| 1850s |
Henry Bessemer pioneers a new method of making steel in large quantities. |
Iron and steel
|
| 1850s |
Louis Pasteur develops pasteurization: a way of preserving food by heating it to kill off bacteria. |
Pasteurization
|
| 1850s |
Italian Giovanni Caselli develops a mechanical
fax machine called the pantelegraph. |
Fax machines |
| 1860s |
Frenchman Étienne Lenoir and German Nikolaus
Otto pioneer the internal combustion engine. |
Car engines
Cars, history of
|
| 1860s |
James Clerk Maxwell figures out that radio waves
must exist and sets out basic laws of electromagnetism. |
Radio |
| 1860s |
Fire extinguishers are invented. |
Fire extinguisher |
| 1861 |
Elisha Graves Otis invents the elevator with built-in safety brake. |
Elevators |
| 1867 |
Joseph Monier invents reinforced concrete. |
Reinforced concrete |
| 1868 |
Christopher Latham Sholes invents the modern
typewriter and QWERTY keyboard. |
Typewriters |
| 1876 |
Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone,
though the true ownership of the invention remains controversial even
today. |
Telephones |
| 1870s |
Thomas Edison develops the phonograph, the first
practical method of recording and playing back sound on metal foil. |
CD players
MP3 players |
| 1870s |
Lester Pelton invents a useful new kind of water
turbine known as a Pelton wheel. |
Turbines |
| 1877 |
Thomas Edison invents his sound-recording machine or phonograph—a forerunner of the record player and CD player. |
Record players
Sound
|
| 1877 |
Edward Very invents the flare gun (Very pistol) for sending distress flares at sea. |
Flares |
| 1880 |
Thomas Edison patents the modern incandescent
electric lamp. |
Incandescent
lamps |
| 1880 |
Pierre and Paul-Jacques Curie discover the piezoelectric effect. |
Piezoelectricity |
| 1880s |
Thomas Edison opens the world's first power
plants. |
Power plants |
| 1880s |
Charles Chamberland invents the autoclave (steam sterilizing machine). |
Autoclaves |
| 1880s |
Charles and Julia Hall and Paul Heroult
independently develop an affordable way of making aluminum. |
Aluminum |
| 1880s |
Carrie Everson invents new ways of mining
silver, gold, and copper. |
Copper
Gold
Silver |
| 1881 |
Jacques d'Arsonval suggests heat energy could be extracted from the oceans. |
OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion)
|
| 1883 |
Charles Eastman invents plastic photographic
film. |
Digital cameras
Plastics |
| 1884 |
Charles Parsons develops the steam turbine. |
Steam turbines
Turbines |
| 1885 |
Karl Benz builds a gasoline-engined car. |
Car engines |
| 1886 |
Josephine Cochran invents the dishwasher. |
Dishwashers |
| 1888 |
Friedrich Reinitzer discovers liquid crystals. |
LCD screens and displays |
| 1888 |
Nikola Tesla patents the alternating current
(AC) electric induction motor and, in opposition to Thomas Edison, becomes a
staunch advocate of AC power. |
Electricity
Electric motors
Induction motors
Power plants |
| 1899 |
Everett F. Morse invents the optical pyrometer for measuring temperatures at a safe distance. |
Pyrometers |
| 1890s |
French brothers Joseph and Louis Lumiere invent
movie projectors and open the first movie theater. |
Camcorders
Projection TV |
| 1890s |
German engineer Rudolf Diesel develops his diesel engine—a more efficient internal combustion engine
without a sparking plug. |
Diesel engines |
| 1895 |
German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen discovers X rays. |
X rays |
| 1895 |
American Ogden Bolton, Jr. invents the electric bicycle. |
Electric bikes |
| 1901 |
Guglielmo Marconi sends radio-wave signals
across the Atlantic Ocean from England to Canada |
Radio |
| 1901 |
The first electric vacuum cleaner is developed. |
Vacuum cleaners |
| 1903 |
Brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright build the
first engine-powered airplane. |
Airplanes
Jet engines |
| 1905 |
Albert Einstein explains the photoelectric effect.
|
Photoelectric cells |
| 1905 |
Samuel J. Bens invents the chainsaw.
|
Chainsaws |
| 1906 |
Willis Carrier pioneers the air conditioner. |
Air conditioners |
| 1906 |
Mikhail Tswett discovers chromatography. |
Chromatography |
| 1907 |
Leo Baekeland develops Bakelite, the first
popular synthetic plastic. |
Plastics |
| 1907 |
Alva Fisher invents the electric clothes washer. |
Clothes washer |
| 1906-8 |
Frederick Gardner Cottrell develops the electrostatic smoke precipitator (smokestack pollution scrubber). |
Air pollution
Electrostatic smoke precipitators
|
| 1908 |
American industrialist and engineer Henry Ford launches the Ford Model T, the world's first truly affordable car. |
Car engines
Cars, history of
|
| 1909 |
German chemists Fritz Haber and Zygmunt Klemensiewicz develop the
glass electrode, enabling very precise measurements of acidity. |
pH meters |
| 1912 |
American chemist Gilbert Lewis describes the basic chemistry that
leads to practical, lithium-ion rechargeable batteries (though they
don't appear in a practical, commercial form until the 1990s). |
Lithium-ion batteries |
| 1912 |
Hans Geiger develops the Geiger counter, a detector for radioactivity. |
Geiger counters |
| 1919 |
Francis Aston pioneers the mass spectrometer and uses it to discover many isotopes. |
Mass spectrometers |
| 1920s |
John Logie Baird develops mechanical television. |
Television
LCD TV |
| 1920s |
Philo T. Farnsworth invents modern electronic
television. |
Television
LCD TV |
| 1920s |
Robert H. Goddard develops the principle of the
modern, liquid-fueled space rocket. |
Bullets
Space rockets |
| 1920s |
German engineer Gustav Tauschek and American Paul Handel independently develop primitive optical character recognition (OCR)
scanning systems.
|
OCR
|
| 1920s |
Albert W. Hull invents the magnetron, a device that can generate microwaves from electricity. |
Magnetrons
Microwave ovens
|
| 1921 |
Karel Capek and his brother coin the word "robot" in a play
about artificial humans. |
Robots |
| 1921 |
John Larson develops the polygraph ("lie detector") machine. |
Polygraphs |
| 1928 |
Thomas Midgley, Jr. invents coolant chemicals
for air conditioners and refrigerators. |
Air conditioners
Refrigerators |
| 1928 |
The electric refrigerator is invented. |
Refrigerators |
| 1930s |
Peter Goldmark pioneers color television. |
Television
LCD TV |
| 1930s |
Laszlo and Georg Biro pioneer the modern
ballpoint pen. |
Digital pens |
| 1930s |
Maria Telkes creates the first solar-powered
house. |
Eco homes
Solar cells |
| 1930s |
Wallace Carothers develops neoprene (synthetic
rubber used in wetsuits) and nylon, the first popular synthetic clothing
material. |
Kevlar
Nomex
Nylon
Wetsuits |
| 1930s |
Robert Watson Watt oversees the development of
radar. |
Radar |
| 1930s |
Arnold Beckman develops the electronic pH meter. |
pH meters |
| 1931 |
Harold E. Edgerton invents the xenon flash lamp for high-speed photography. |
Xenon lamps |
| 1932 |
Arne Olander discovers the shape memory effect in a gold-cadmium alloy. |
Shape memory alloys |
| 1936 |
W.B. Elwood invents the magnetic reed switch. |
Reed switches |
| 1938 |
Chester Carlson invents the principle of
photocopying (xerography). |
Photocopiers |
| 1938 |
Roy Plunkett accidentally invents a nonstick
plastic coating called Teflon. |
Gore-Tex
Nonstick pans |
| 1939 |
Igor Sikorsky builds the first truly practical
helicopter. |
Helicopters |
| 1940s |
English physicists John Randall and Harry Boot develop a compact magnetron for use in airplane radar navigation systems. |
Magnetrons
Radar
|
| 1942 |
Enrico Fermi builds the first nuclear chain
reactor at the University of Chicago. |
Nuclear power |
| 1945 |
US government scientist Vannevar Bush proposes a kind of desk-sized memory store called Memex, which has some
of the features later incorporated into electronic books and the World Wide Web (WWW).
|
Electronic books
World Wide Web |
| 1947 |
John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William
Shockley invent the transistor, which allows electronic equipment to
made much smaller and leads to the modern computer revolution. |
Amplifiers
Electronics
History of computers
Transistors
|
| 1949 |
Bernard Silver and N. Joseph Woodland patent barcodes—striped patterns that are initially developed
for marking products in grocery stores. |
Barcodes and barcode scanners
|
| 1950s |
Charles Townes and Arthur Schawlow invent the
maser (microwave laser). Gordon Gould coins the word "laser" and builds
the first optical laser in 1958. |
Lasers |
| 1950s |
Stanford Ovshinksy develops various technologies that make renewable
energy more practical, including practical solar cells and improved
rechargeable batteries. |
Batteries
Electric bicycles
Electric cars
Solar cells |
| 1950s |
European bus companies experiment with using flywheels as regenerative brakes |
Flywheels
|
| 1950s |
Percy Spencer accidentally discovers how to cook
with microwaves, inadvertently inventing the microwave oven. |
Microwave ovens |
| 1954 |
Indian physicist Narinder Kapany pioneers fiber optics. |
Fiber optics
Endoscopes |
| 1956 |
First commercial nuclear power is produced at Calder Hall, Cumbria, England. |
Nuclear power plants
|
| 1957 |
Soviet Union (Russia and her allies) launch the
Sputnik space satellite. |
Satellites |
| 1957 |
Lawrence Curtiss, Basil Hirschowitz, and Wilbur Peters build the first fiber-optic gastroscope.
|
Endoscopes |
| 1958 |
Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce, working
independently, develop the integrated circuit. |
History of computers
integrated circuits
Transistors
|
| 1959 |
IBM and General Motors develop Design Augmented by Computers-1 (DAC-1),
the first computer-aided design (CAD) system. |
Computer graphics |
| 1960s |
Joseph-Armand Bombardier perfects his Ski-Doo® snowmobile. |
Snowmobiles |
| 1960 |
Theodore Maiman invents the ruby laser. |
Lasers |
| 1962 |
William Armistead and S. Donald Stookey of Corning Glass Works invent light-sensitive (photochromic) glass. |
Photochromic lenses |
| 1963 |
Ivan Sutherland develops Sketchpad, one of the first computer-aided design programs. |
Computer graphics |
| 1964 |
IBM helps to pioneer e-commerce with an airline
ticket reservation system called SABRE. |
E-commerce |
| 1965 |
Frank Pantridge develops the portable defibrillator for treating cardiac arrest patients. |
Defibrillators |
| 1966 |
Stephanie Kwolek patents a super-strong plastic
called Kevlar. |
Kevlar |
| 1967 |
Japanese company Noritake invents the vacuum fluorescent display (VFD). |
Vacuum fluorescent displays |
| 1968 |
Alfred Y. Cho and John R. Arthur, Jr invent a precise way of making single crystals called molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). |
Molecular beam epitaxy |
| 1969 |
World's first solar power station opened in
France. |
Solar cells
Energy |
| 1969 |
Long before computers become portable, Alan Kay imagines building an electronic book, which he nicknames the Dynabook. |
Electronic books |
| 1969 |
Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith invent the CCD (charge-coupled
device): the light-sensitive chip used in digital cameras, webcams, and
other modern optical equipment. |
CCDs
Digital cameras
|
| 1969 |
Astronauts walk on the Moon. |
Space rockets |
| 1960s |
Douglas Engelbart develops the computer mouse. |
Computer mouse |
| 1960s |
James Russell invents compact discs. |
CD players |
| 1971 |
Electronic ink is pioneered by Nick Sheridon at Xerox PARC. |
Electronic ink and paper |
| 1971 |
Ted Hoff builds the first single-chip computer
or microprocessor. |
History of
computers |
| 1973 |
Martin Cooper develops the first handheld
cellphone (mobile phone). |
Cellphones |
| 1973 |
Robert Metcalfe figures out a simple way of
linking computers together that he names Ethernet. Most computers
hooked up to the Internet now use it. |
Computer
networks
Internet |
| 1974 |
First grocery-store purchase of an item coded with a barcode. |
Barcodes and barcode scanners
|
| 1975 |
Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman invent public-key cryptography.
|
Encryption |
| 1975 |
Pico Electronics develops X-10 home automation system.
|
Smart homes |
| 1976 |
Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs launch the Apple I:
one of the world's first personal home computers |
History of
computers |
| 1970s– 1980s |
James Dyson invents the bagless, cyclonic vacuum
cleaner. |
Vacuum cleaners |
| 1970s-1980s |
Scientists including Charles Bennett, Paul Benioff, Richard Feynman, and David Deutsch sketch out how quantum computers
might work. |
Quantum computers |
| 1980s |
Japanese electrical pioneer Akio Morita develops
the Sony Walkman, the first truly portable player for recorded music. |
CD players
MP3 players |
| 1981 |
Stung by Apple's success, IBM releases its own
affordable personal computer (PC). |
History of
computers |
| 1981 |
The Space Shuttle makes its maiden voyage. |
Space Shuttle |
| 1981 |
Patricia Bath develops laser eye surgery for
removing cataracts. |
Lasers |
| 1981– 1982 |
Alexei Ekimov and Louis E. Brus (independently) discover quantum dots. |
Quantum dots |
| 1983 |
Compact discs (CDs) are launched as a new way to
store music by the Sony and Philips corporations. |
CD players |
| 1987 |
Larry Hornbeck, working at Texas Instruments, develops DLP® projection—now used in many projection TV systems. |
DLP® projectors
|
| 1989 |
Tim Berners-Lee invents the World Wide Web. |
Internet
World Wide Web |
| 1990 |
German watchmaking company Junghans introduces the MEGA 1, believed to be the world's first radio-controlled wristwatch. |
Radio-controlled clocks
Quartz clocks and watches
|
| 1991 |
Linus Torvalds creates the first version of
Linux, a collaboratively written computer operating system. |
Computers
Linux |
| 1994 |
American-born mathematician John Daugman perfects the mathematics that make iris scanning systems possible. |
Iris scans |
| 1994 |
Israeli computer scientists Alon Cohen and Lior Haramaty invent VoIP for sending telephone calls over the Internet. |
VoIP |
| 1995 |
Broadcast.com becomes one of the world's first
online radio stations. |
Streaming media |
| 1995 |
Pierre Omidyar launches the eBay auction website. |
E-commerce |
| 1996 |
WRAL-HD broadcasts the first high-definition television (HDTV) signal in the United States. |
HDTV |
| 1997 |
Electronics companies agree to make Wi-Fi a
worldwide standard for wireless Internet. |
Wireless Internet |
| 2001 |
Apple revolutionizes music listening by unveiling its iPod MP3 music player. |
MP3 players |
| 2001 |
Richard Palmer develops energy-absorbing D3O plastic. |
Energy-absorbing materials |
| 2001 |
The Wikipedia online encyclopedia is founded by Larry Sanger and Jimmy Wales. |
Electronic books |
| 2001 |
Bram Cohen develops BitTorrent file-sharing. |
BitTorrent
Internet |
| 2001 |
Scott White, Nancy Sottos, and colleagues develop self-healing materials. |
Self-healing materials |
| 2002 |
iRobot Corporation releases the first version of its Roomba® vacuum cleaning robot. |
Roomba
Robots |
| 2004 |
Electronic voting plays a major part in a
controversial US Presidential Election. |
Touchscreens |
| 2004 |
Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov discover graphene.
|
Graphene |
| 2005 |
A pioneering low-cost laptop for developing
countries called OLPC is announced by MIT computing pioneer Nicholas
Negroponte. |
Computers |
| 2007 |
Amazon.com launches its Kindle electronic book (e-book) reader. |
Electronic books |
| 2007 |
Apple introduces a touchscreen cellphone called
the iPhone. |
Cellphones
Touchscreens |
| 2010 |
Apple releases its touchscreen tablet computer, the iPad. |
Computers
Touchscreens |
| 2010 |
3D TV starts to become more widely available. |
3D Television
Television
|
| 2013 |
Elon Musk announces "hyperloop"—a giant, pneumatic tube transport system. |
Pneumatic transport tube
|
| 2015 |
Supercomputers (the world's fastest computers) are now a mere 30 times less powerful than
human brains. |
Supercomputers |